How Does a Lever Work and What Can It Do

Levers are all around us and within us, as the basic physical principles of the lever are what allow our tendons and muscles to move our limbs. Inside the body, the bones act as the beams and joints act as the fulcrums. According to legend, Archimedes (287-212 B.C.E.)  once famously said Give me a place to stand, and I shall move the Earth with it when he uncovered the physical principles behind the lever. While it would take a heck of a long lever to actually move the world, the statement is correct as a testament to the way it can confer a mechanical advantage. The famous quote is attributed to Archimedes by the later writer, Pappus of Alexandria. Its likely that Archimedes never actually ever said it. However, the physics of levers is very accurate. How do levers work? What are the principles that govern their movements? How Do Levers Work? A lever is a simple machine that consists of two material components and two work components: A beam or solid rodA fulcrum or pivot pointAn input force (or effort)An output force (or load or resistance) The beam is placed so that some part of it rests against the fulcrum. In a traditional lever, the fulcrum remains in a stationary position, while a force is applied somewhere along the length of the beam. The beam then pivots around the fulcrum, exerting the output force on some sort of object that needs to be moved. The ancient Greek mathematician and early scientist Archimedes  is typically attributed with having been the first to uncover the physical principles governing the behavior of the lever, which he expressed in mathematical terms. The key concepts at work in the lever is that since it is a solid beam, then the total torque into one end of the lever will manifest as an equivalent torque on the other end. Before getting into interpreting this as a general rule, lets look at a specific example. Balancing on a Lever Imagine two masses balanced on a beam across a fulcrum. In this situation, we see that there are four key quantities that can be measured (these are also shown in the picture): M1 - The mass on one end of the fulcrum (the input force)a - The distance from the fulcrum to M1M2 - The mass on the other end of the fulcrum (the output force)b - The distance from the fulcrum to M2 This basic situation illuminates the relationships of these various quantities. It should be noted that this is an idealized lever, so were considering a situation where there is absolutely no friction between the beam and the fulcrum, and that there are no other forces that would throw the balance out of equilibrium, like a breeze. This set up is most familiar from the basic scales, used throughout history for weighing objects. If the distances from the fulcrum are the same (expressed mathematically as a b) then the lever is going to balance out if the weights are the same (M1 M2). If you use known weights on one end of the scale, you can easily tell the weight on the other end of the scale when the lever balances out. The situation gets much more interesting, of course, when a does not equal b. In that situation, what Archimedes discovered was that there is a precise mathematical relationship — in fact, an equivalence — between the product of the mass and the distance on both sides of the lever: M 1 a M 2 b Using this formula, we see that if we double the distance on one side of the lever, it takes half as much mass to balance it out, such as: a 2 bM 1 a M 2 bM 1(2 b) M 2 b2 M 1 M 2M 1 0.5 M 2 This example has been based upon the idea of masses sitting on the lever, but the mass could be replaced by anything that exerts a physical force upon the lever, including a human arm pushing on it. This begins to give us a basic understanding of the potential power of a lever. If 0.5 M2 1,000 pounds, then it becomes clear that you could balance that out with a 500-pound weight on the other side just by doubling the distance of the lever on that side. If a 4b, then you can balance 1,000 pounds with only 250 pounds of force. This is where the term leverage gets its common definition, often applied well outside the realm of physics: using a relatively smaller amount of power (often in the form of money or influence) to gain a disproportionately greater advantage on the outcome. Types of Levers When using a lever to perform work, we focus not on masses, but on the idea of exerting an input force on the lever (called the effort) and getting an output force (called the load or the resistance). So, for example, when you use a crowbar to pry up a nail, you are exerting an effort force to generate an output resistance force, which is what pulls the nail out. The four components of a lever can be combined together in three basic ways, resulting in three classes of levers: Class 1 levers: Like the scales discussed above, this is a configuration where the fulcrum is in between the input and output forces.Class 2 levers: The resistance comes between the input force and the fulcrum, such as in a wheelbarrow or bottle opener.Class 3 levers: The fulcrum is on one end and the resistance is on the other end, with the effort in between the two, such as with a pair of tweezers. Each of these different configurations has different implications for the mechanical advantage provided by the lever. Understanding this involves breaking down the law of the lever that was first formally understood by Archimedes. Law of the Lever The basic mathematical principle of the lever is that the distance from the fulcrum can be used to determine how the input and output forces relate to each other. If we take the earlier equation for balancing masses on the lever and generalize it to an input force (Fi) and output force (Fo), we get an equation which basically says that the torque will be conserved when a lever is used: Fia Fob This formula allows us to generate a formula for the mechanical advantage of a lever, which is the ratio of the input force to the output force: Mechanical Advantage a/ b Fo/ Fi In the earlier example, where a 2b, the mechanical advantage was 2, which meant that a 500-pound effort could be used to balance a 1,000-pound resistance. The mechanical advantage depends upon the ratio of a to b. For class 1 levers, this could be configured in any way, but class 2 and class 3 levers put constraints on the values of a and b. For a class 2 lever, the resistance is between the effort and the fulcrum, meaning that a b. Therefore, the mechanical advantage of a class 2 lever is always greater than 1.For a class 3 lever, the effort is between the resistance and the fulcrum, meaning that a b. Therefore, the mechanical advantage of a class 3 lever is always less than 1. A Real Lever The equations represent an idealized model of how a lever works. There are two basic assumptions that go into the idealized situation, which can throw things off in the real world: The beam is perfectly straight and inflexibleThe fulcrum has no friction with the beam Even in the best real-world situations, these are only approximately true. A fulcrum can be designed with very low friction, but it will almost never have zero friction in a mechanical lever. As long as a beam has contact with the fulcrum, there will be some sort of friction involved. Perhaps even more problematic is the assumption that the beam is perfectly straight and inflexible. Recall the earlier case where we were using a 250-pound weight to balance a 1,000-pound weight. The fulcrum in this situation would have to support all of the weight without sagging or breaking. It depends upon the material used whether this assumption is reasonable. Understanding levers is a useful skill in a variety of areas, ranging from technical aspects of mechanical engineering to developing your own best bodybuilding regimen.

Study of Supply Chain Management of Hindustan Unilever...

A Project Report On â€Å"Study of supply Channel Management of Hindustan Unilever Limited.† [pic] Submitted By Partho mukherjee PGDM (operations) Sem 3rd under the guidance of mr. Vivek swami sinhgad institute of business administrationresearch S. NO. 40/4A+4B/1 NEARPMCOCTROI POST, KONDHWA –SASWAD ROAD, KONDHWA (BK) PUNE-411048 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Mr. /Ms PARTHO MUKHERJEE student of SINHGAD INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION RESEARCH; Pune has completed report of â€Å"STUDY OF SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT OF HINDUSTAN UNILEVER LIMITED† academic year†¦show more content†¦3. To understand the way how they make smooth their processes. 4. Which channel level is adopting by company? 5. What is the benefit to the customer from company`s channel management? SUMMARY I am doing my management thesis on Distribution Channel management of Hindustan Unilever Limited. For smooth running Channel management is very important to every firm. Now a day’s FMCG sector is booming sector. In India there are very few organized retailer like PG, ITC, and HUL etc. In it Hindustan Unilever Limited is one of the leading Organized Retailer. There are four types of P`s Product, Price, Place and Promotion. In this four P`s Place means Distribution . Distribution Channel management means, this is one of the P from 4 P`s. frequently there may be a chain of intermediaries; each passing the product down the chain to the next organization, before it finally reaches the consumer or end-user. There are alternate channels of distribution channel may be available. I. Direct sell. II. Agent III. Distributors IV. Retailers. V. Brokers. Distribution channels can thus have a number of levels. There are four types of distribution channels. I. Zero level. II. One level. III. Two level. IV. Three level. Research Methodology Research Methodology is a way to systematically solve the research problem. The Research Methodology includes the various methods andShow MoreRelatedOperations strategy of HUL1694 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ COMPANY OVERVIEW HUL or Hindustan Unilever is a corporate giant in the fast moving consumer goods industry in the Indian market which was formed in 1933 as Lever Brothers India Limited. Its headquarter is in Mumbai, India. The company provides employment for more than 41,000 employees. With its 20 plus brands it announces its presence to various consumer segments. HUL covers about 6.4 million outlets in all over the country. The HUL products have made their presence in our country so strongRead MoreSummary of Indian Companies1550 Words   |  6 PagesITC Limited ITC Limited is an Indian public conglomerate company (25.4% owned by British corporation, British American Tobacco) headquartered in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. Its diversified business includes four segments: Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG), Hotels, Paperboards, Paper Packaging and Agri Business. ITCs annual turnover stood at $7 billion and market capitalization of over $34 billion. The company has its registered office in Kolkata. It started off as the Imperial Tobacco CompanyRead MoreDist Channel3946 Words   |  16 PagesCONTENTS * Concept * Types of channel distribution * Channel Design * Functions * Cost Allocation * Advantages amp; Disadvantages * Case Study * Conclusion Bucklin Theory of Distribution Channel Structure 1966 â€Å"A channel of distribution comprises a set of institutions which perform all of the activities utilised to move a product and its title from production to consumption.† Our paper today focuses on the â€Å"appraisal of distribution channelsRead MoreBusiness Ethics and Csr - Hul4166 Words   |  17 PagesIntroduction Hindustan Unilever Limited (HUL) is Indias largest Fast Moving Consumer Goods Company with a heritage of over 75 years in India and touches the lives of two out of three Indians. HUL works to create a better future every day and helps people feel good, look good and get more out of life with brands and services that are good for them and good for others. With over 35 brands spanning 20 distinct categories such as soaps, detergents, shampoos, skin care, toothpastes, deodorants, cosmeticsRead MoreAn Analysis of Marketing Competitive Strategies Adopted by Hindustan Unilever Limited in Rural Area9906 Words   |  40 Pages[pic] Major Research Project On â€Å"An Analysis of Marketing Competitive strategies adopted by Hindustan Unilever Limited in Rural Area† For the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of MBA (Full Time) Batch 2010-12 Submitted By: Guided By SUMIT WASNIK Prof. S.P. TRIPATHI MBA (Full Time) 4th SEM. ( IBMR) RollRead MoreUnilever2565 Words   |  11 PagesContents Global Networks and Innovation of Unilever Company 3 1. Introduction 3 2. Internationalization strategy 3 3. Visualization and interpretation of the parent-subsidiary network 4 3.1 Betweenness Centrality 5 3.1 Density of Network 7 3.3 Degree Centrality 8 4. Analysis of the organization’s Network 8 4.1 Locational aspects 8 4.2 Activity aspects 9 4.3 Size aspects 9 5. Implications for the innovation strategy of Unilever 9 5.1 Meeting consumer needs 10 5.2 IntroductionRead MoreLux Marketing Mix9703 Words   |  39 Pagesyouporn.com ABSTRACT Hindustan Unilever Ltd. is a well-known and largest FMCG company in India. HUL has always revamped its products to meet the changing needs of the consumer without compromising on the quality. This report deals with one of its premier brands LUX. HUL leads the market in the toilet soap category with 54.3% market share. Lux has inched up to be on par with Lifebuoy in HULs soaps portfolio. The Lux brand now has an almost equal market share as Hindustan Levers largest sellingRead MoreIntroduction to Fmcg Industry8866 Words   |  36 Pageselectronic products. White goods in FMCG refer to household electronic items such as Refrigerators, T.Vs, Music Systems, etc. In 2005, the Rs. 48,000-crore FMCG segment was one of the fast growing industries in India. According to the AC Nielsen India study, the industry grew 5.3% in value between 2004 and 2005. http://www.chillibreeze.com/articles_various/fmcg-in-india.asp Creating a strong brand identity, leveraging new product categories and growing the customer base are core concerns for consumerRead MorePG India Supply Chain Analysis11039 Words   |  45 PagesSupply Chain Strategy, Performance and Risks: Tools and Techniques Introduction â€Å"Our Purpose works to unify us in a common cause and growth strategy. It is powerful because it promotes a simple idea to improve the lives of the world’s consumers every day. Pamp;G grows by touching and improving more consumers’ lives in more parts of the world...more completely.† - Pamp;G â€Å"At Pamp;G, we touch lives in small but meaningful ways. Billions of them. Every day.† Procter amp; Gamble Co. is a multinationalRead MoreSustainable Tea at Unilever10669 Words   |  43 PagesrP os t 9-712-438 REV: DECEMBER 21, 2011 REBECCA M. HENDERSON FREDERIK NELLEMANN Sustainable Tea at Unilever op yo To survive and prosper over the long term, learn how to adapt your business model by making it servant to society and the environment. Not the other way around. — Paul Polman, CEO, Unilever In 2010 Unilever announced its commitment to a new â€Å"Sustainable Living Plan†, a document that set wide-ranging company-wide goals for improving the health and well-being

Battered Women Syndrome Essay Example For Students

Battered Women Syndrome Essay Battered Woman SyndromeIn Robert Agnews general strain theory, he talks about how strain and stress could cause an individual to commit crimes that they wouldnt have committed without those circumstances. In his theory, he refers to negative affective states, which are the anger, frustration, and adverse emotions that emerge in the wake of destructive social relationships. It is these negative affective states that are produced by strain. Agnew acknowledges that strain can be caused by negative situations, such as abuse or neglect, family conflict, or stressful life events. These situations can all be found to be extremely prevalent in households where domestic violence occurs. According to this theory, the negative stimuli presented causes, in this case, the woman to feel angry, frustrated, disappointed, depressed, and fearful. These negative feelings, in turn, are outwardly expressed through violence. In this paper, we will look at battered woman syndrome as a theory that has stemm ed from Robert Agnews general strain theory. In her 1979 book The Battered Woman; Dr. Lenore Walker first came up with what is now know as battered woman syndrome. Put simply battered woman syndrome, or BWS as it is sometimes called, is a group of psychological symptoms that are easily recognized in women who have been physically, sexually, or psychologically assaulted by their domestic partner. According to Dr. Walker, Battered woman syndrome presents evidence that the syndrome is part of a recognizable pattern of psychological symptoms called post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) reported to be produced by repeated exposure to trauma such as the physical, sexual, and/or serious psychological assault experienced by battered women (Gelles 133). Because battered woman syndrome is considered to be in the same category as PTSD, it does not have its own classification in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-third edition, also known as the DSM-III. Instead it is jus t classified along with post-traumatic stress disorder. The American Psychiatric Association gives five criteria for the diagnosis of PTSD using the DSM system, 1. presence of a stressor that could cause a traumatic response (battering)2.symptoms lasting for more than one month3.measurable cognitive and memory changes4.at least three measurable avoidance symptoms5.at least two measurable arousal symptoms (Gelles 138). These five criterions are what doctors in the psychiatric field use to diagnose a woman with battered woman syndrome. In some cases, a doctors diagnosis comes into play in the courtroom. In most cases a doctors testimony is used to give an idea about the womans state of mind when she committed the crime she is on trial for. An example would be when a battered woman commits a crime against her spouse, and claims that her husbands abuse was what caused her to commit the crime in the first place, and a doctors testimony is used to explain the psychological effects that the abuse has had on her state of mind. Abuse plays a major role when crimes are committed against a spouse. Duttons research has shown that, Among women who are convicted of homicide against an intimate partner, a large percentage killed following physical, sexual, and psychological abuse toward them by their partner (112). Judy Ann Laws Norman is an example of a woman who was driven to kill due to the abuse she suffered from her husband. Judy Ann Laws Norman was married to John Thomas J.T. Norman for 25 years. He was an alcoholic who forced his wife to prostitute herself. She claims that if she did not bring home a minimum of $25 a day, he would beat her. When he beat her, he would use any and all objects he could find. Judy suffered many different forms of physical abuse at the hands of her husband. He used to put cigarettes out on her skin and throw food and drinks at her. In some cases, he would refuse to let her eat for days at a time, and at least once he smashed a glass in her face. Aside from these physical assaults, J.T. would often subject Judy to psychological torture. He would call her names like dog and whore on a regular basis. Sometimes he would force her to sleep on a concrete floor and also crouch down on the floor and eat pet food out of a bowl. J.T. also gave Judy reason to fear for her life. The records state, Norman often stated to both the defendant and to others that he would kill the defendant. He also threatened to cut her heart out (Gagne 55).

The Role of Travel in The Book of Jonah and The Conference of the Birds free essay sample

A look at these two literary works and the underlying meaning of travel in each. This paper examines The Book of Jonah and The Conference of the Birds, literary works that highlight the beliefs of two prominent religions in the world: Christianity and Islam. The role that travel plays in each of these stories is discussed, as well as the effect these journeys have on the characters. Jonah is the 14th book of the Prophets Book (Bible). This book focuses on returning religious people, and an emphasis on the goodness and mercifulness of God. The story starts when Jonah was asked by God to travel to Nineveh to influence the people to change their sinful ways and actions. By doing so, they will be able to redeem themselves of the punishment that is in store for sinners. Jonah, instead of complying to Gods wishes, fled away to Jafas harbor, and boarded on a boat. We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Travel in The Book of Jonah and The Conference of the Birds or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Jonahs travel on the sea became dangerous; he thought that the storm was a punishment from God because of his disobedience. Although Jonah was saved from the disaster, another misfortune befell on him: a large fish swallowed him. He stayed inside the fishs body for 3 nights and 3 days. When he can no longer bear hiss suffering, Jonah finally asked for Gods mercy. Miraculously, after Jonahs repent, he was thrown out of the fishs body into the land.

A Collection of the Best Thanksgiving Quotes

A Collection of the Best Thanksgiving Quotes Ah, the cherished holiday of Thanksgiving. There are no gifts to buy ahead of time, except maybe a nice bottle of wine or bouquet of flowers for the hosts on your way to your family celebration. You just gather, eat your favorite dishes that remind you of Grandma, enjoy each others company for the day, and then take leftovers home. Then as you heat them up in the microwave the next day (or in the middle of the night after heading out for doorbuster deals with your besties, also a tradition), you are thankful again. To prep for your celebration or as a reflection on the day and its meaning before shopping season overtakes us all, here are several lists of famous humorous and inspirational sayings about being grateful and humorous quips about this, the tastiest of holidays. As William Shakespeare wrote, Small cheer and great welcome makes a merry feast. On God and Heaven G.A. Johnston Ross If I have enjoyed the hospitality of the Host of this universe, Who daily spreads a table in my sight, surely I cannot do less than acknowledge my dependence. Jeremy Taylor God is pleased with no music from below so much as with the thanksgiving songs of relieved widows and supported orphans; of rejoicing, comforted, and thankful persons. Robert Casper Lintner Thanksgiving is nothing if not a glad and reverent lifting of the heart to God in honor and praise for His goodness. Izaak Walton God has two dwellings; one in heaven, and the other in a meek and thankful heart. John Baillie The very fact that a man is thankful implies someone to be thankful to. Johannes A. Gaertner To speak gratitude is courteous and pleasant, to enact gratitude is generous and noble, but to live gratitude is to touch Heaven. Garrison Keillor Thank you, God, for this good life and forgive us if we do not love it enough. On Gratitude and Giving Thanks Frank A. Clark If a fellow isnt thankful for what hes got, he isnt likely to be thankful for what hes going to get. Konrad von Gesner Best of all is it to preserve everything in a pure, still heart, and let there be for every pulse a  thanksgiving, and for every breath a song. Brother David Steindl-Rast Love wholeheartedly, be surprised,  give thanks  and praise†¦then you will discover the fullness of your life. Estonian Proverb Who does not thank for little will not thank for much. Melody Beattie   Gratitude makes sense of our past, brings peace for today, and creates a vision for tomorrow. W.J. Cameron   Thanksgiving, after all, is a word of action. Gerald Good If you want to turn your life around, try thankfulness. It will change your life mightily. Eugene Cloutier To know the value of generosity, it is necessary to have suffered from the cold indifference of others. Willie Nelson   When I started counting my blessings, my whole life turned around. William Ward   Feeling gratitude and not expressing it is like wrapping a present and not giving it. Charles E. Jefferson Gratitude is born in hearts that take time to count up past mercies. Donald Curtis   It is impossible to be negative while we are giving thanks. E.J. Conrad One distinguishing mark of an unregenerate man is ingratitude. Henry Clay Courtesies of a small and trivial character are the ones which strike deepest in the grateful and appreciating heart. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe If we meet someone who owes us thanks, we right away remember that. But how often do we meet someone to whom we owe thanks without remembering that? W.T. Purkiser Not what we say about our blessings, but how we use them, is the true measure of our thanksgiving. Charles Spurgeon Before you go out into the world, wash your face in the clear crystal of praise. Bury each yesterday in the fine linen and spices of thankfulness. Elbert Hubbard I would rather be able to appreciate things I cannot have than to have things I am not able to appreciate. Seneca Nothing is more honorable than a grateful heart. Phillips Brooks Stand up, on this Thanksgiving Day, stand upon your feet. Believe in man. Soberly and with clear eyes, believe in your own time and place. There is not, and there never has been a better time, or a better place to live in. E.P. Powell Thanksgiving Day is a jewel, to set in the hearts of honest men; but be careful that you do not take the day, and leave out the gratitude. Victor Hugo To give thanks in solitude is enough. Thanksgiving has wings and goes where it must go. Your prayer knows much more about it than you do. Frederick Keonig We tend to forget that happiness doesnt come as a result of getting something we dont have, but rather of recognizing and appreciating what we do have. Albert Pine What we do for ourselves dies with us. What we do for others and the world remains and is immortal. Charles Haddon Spurgeon You say, If I had a little more, I should be very satisfied. You make a mistake. If you are not content with what you have, you would not be satisfied if it were doubled. On Food and Humor Margaret Junkin Preston But see, in our open clearings, how golden the melons lie; Enrich them with sweets and spices, and give us the pumpkin pie! Irv Kupcine An optimist is a person who starts a new diet on Thanksgiving Day. Arnold Schwarzenegger I love Thanksgiving turkey...its the only time in Los Angeles that you see natural breasts. Kevin James Thanksgiving, man! Not a good day to be my pants. Erma Bombeck Thanksgiving dinners take 18 hours to prepare. They are consumed in 12 minutes. Half-times take 12 minutes. This is not a coincidence. Rita Rudner My mother is such a lousy cook that  Thanksgiving  at her house is a time of sorrow. Jon Stewart I celebrated Thanksgiving the old-fashioned way. I invited everyone in my neighborhood to my house, we had an enormous feast, and then I killed them and took their land. History Samuel Adams, First Official Thanksgiving Proclamation It is therefore recommended...to set apart Thursday the 18th day of December next, for solemn thanksgiving and praise, that with one heart and one voice the good people may express the grateful feelings of their hearts and consecrate themselves to the service of their divine benefactor. H.U. Westermayer The Pilgrims made seven times more graves than huts. No Americans have been more impoverished than these who, nevertheless, set aside a day of thanksgiving. Alexander Pope Our rural ancestors, with little blest, Patient of  labour  when the end was rest, Indulged the day that housed their annual grain, With feasts, and  offrings, and a thankful strain. Ellen Orleans I have strong doubts that the first Thanksgiving even remotely resembled the history I was told in second grade. But considering that [when it comes to holidays] mainstream Americas traditions tend to be overeating, shopping, or getting drunk, I suppose its a miracle that the concept of giving thanks even surfaces at all.

What to Look for in a Real Christmas Tree

What to Look for in a Real Christmas Tree Dont select a Christmas tree until you make an inspection of the space the Christmas tree will be placed in your home. That will be a personal choice with some reminders. Your selected space should be as far away from heat sources and air ducts as possible. Take a  quick measurement of Christmas tree height and width for the spot you have selected. It is a real pain to deal with a holiday tree too big for the selected space. Now lets go shop for your next Christmas tree. Fresh Christmas Tree Shopping Tips Research different Christmas tree types and pick the species that fits your situation. Look over this guide to the 10 most favorite Christmas trees but remember that only a few of these will be available in your area.Take my introductory advice on where in the house to put the Christmas tree. Avoid spots close to heat sources like TVs, fireplaces, radiators and air ducts. Measure the height you have available to avoid modifying your too tall Christmas tree later. Find a holiday tree one foot shorter than your ceiling height.If you are cutting a Christmas tree, you know how fresh the tree is. But when you buy a pre-cut Christmas tree, the tree may have been cut weeks earlier. Always try and find your Christmas tree early and before the best trees have been sold. Delaying your cut Christmas tree purchase only increases its exposure to harmful elements. Dont be shy; ask the retailer how long his/her Christmas trees have been cut. You might also want to look into purchasing your tree onl ine,  where shipped trees are guaranteed cut fresh. Choose a fresh Christmas tree by looking for the greenest tree with the fewest brown needles. A problem here can be that many shipped-to-lot trees have been colored prior to shipping. With this in mind, remember that coloring is a common practice and will not negatively affect a trees freshness.Perform the drop test. Raise the Christmas tree a few inches and drop on its butt end. Green needles should not drop off. If they do, you have a tree with excessive drying and that may have been cut for some time. Some species have excellent needle retention so remember that when choosing a variety. A few inner brown needles from the trees annual shed will drop off so do not be concerned with this.The most important thing to remember is freshness when selecting a real Christmas tree. The needles should be resilient. Another important check is to take hold of a branch and lightly pull your hand toward you allowing the branch to slip through your fingers. Most, if not all, of the needles need to stay on the tree. Look for and avoid Christmas trees with a wilted or grayish blue-green look. Even with color added you can visually see wilt and desiccation. Look and feel for any unusual stiffness and brittleness of a trees limbs, twigs, and needles, all of which can be indications of an old tree.Always inspect the Christmas trees base. Make sure the handle (the first eight inches of butt) of the tree is relatively straight. This part of the tree is extremely important when securing the tree in a stand. Make sure removing any limbs attached to the handle wont hurt the tree shape.Always check a Christmas tree for insects and egg masses before bringing inside. Most retailers have shakers that remove debris from trees. In any event, make sure dead needles and trash are shaken out or blown from the tree.

Small & Medium Sized Enterprises in an International Environment Essay - 1

Small & Medium Sized Enterprises in an International Environment - Essay Example With improvement in data and globalization of markets, communication technologies, also other auxiliary happenings, more SMEs to take part dynamically in worldwide markets than ever before (Craig and Douglas, 1996 and Bell, 1995). In numerous countries, such companies are actually the going by force behind an important percentage of future economic prosperity and export growth (Gupta, 1989; Economist, 1993). In common, small enterprises are essential. SMEs comprise over 95 percent of companies supply about 50 percent of the total worth supplemented over the world and, counting on the country, develop 60 percent to 90 percent of all fresh jobs (OECD, 1997, the United Nations, 1993). While they are not historic been affiliated with worldwide enterprise, based on empirical investigations of tendencies in 18 developed countries, the OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) documented that SMEs now account for around a quarter of exports in the majority industrialized countries (OECD, 1997). ... Pioneering international startups are now an important part of the development of nationwide exports in numerous countries (eg, Economist, 1993; Verity, 1994; Luostarinen et al, 1994). In latest years, many tendencies discovered out what to export and other worldwide engagement powerfully viable alternative for SME businesses. Smaller companies are furthermore leveraged by the forces of globalization, encompassing a breakdown of investment and trade barriers, and far-reaching undertakings of big transnational corporations. Increased cross-national competition places force on SMEs to internationalize. This, connected with expanding possibilities for the realization of overseas markets and the opportunity to earnings from a boost in the dimensions and scope of their undertakings, has conceived numerous incentives for little firms to internationalization (Oviatt and McDougall, 1995). Czechoslovak SMEs In the early on 20th century, the Czech Republic was the most industrially evolved par t of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, vying commercially and technologically the most sophisticated nations in Europe. The new population has a powerful tradition of accomplished craftsmen in the construct of mechanism and other industrialists and entrepreneurs a large know-how in exporting these goods. Revenues were high, and well-developed finances organized to close the economic and financial ties with remainder of Europe. In the interwar years, the significance of the developed part in the finances of Czechoslovakia is certainly growing. Back in 1921, 33.8 percent of the employed populations were occupied in developed occupations. Estimates display