How Does a Lever Work and What Can It Do

Levers are all around us and within us, as the basic physical principles of the lever are what allow our tendons and muscles to move our limbs. Inside the body, the bones act as the beams and joints act as the fulcrums. According to legend, Archimedes (287-212 B.C.E.)  once famously said Give me a place to stand, and I shall move the Earth with it when he uncovered the physical principles behind the lever. While it would take a heck of a long lever to actually move the world, the statement is correct as a testament to the way it can confer a mechanical advantage. The famous quote is attributed to Archimedes by the later writer, Pappus of Alexandria. Its likely that Archimedes never actually ever said it. However, the physics of levers is very accurate. How do levers work? What are the principles that govern their movements? How Do Levers Work? A lever is a simple machine that consists of two material components and two work components: A beam or solid rodA fulcrum or pivot pointAn input force (or effort)An output force (or load or resistance) The beam is placed so that some part of it rests against the fulcrum. In a traditional lever, the fulcrum remains in a stationary position, while a force is applied somewhere along the length of the beam. The beam then pivots around the fulcrum, exerting the output force on some sort of object that needs to be moved. The ancient Greek mathematician and early scientist Archimedes  is typically attributed with having been the first to uncover the physical principles governing the behavior of the lever, which he expressed in mathematical terms. The key concepts at work in the lever is that since it is a solid beam, then the total torque into one end of the lever will manifest as an equivalent torque on the other end. Before getting into interpreting this as a general rule, lets look at a specific example. Balancing on a Lever Imagine two masses balanced on a beam across a fulcrum. In this situation, we see that there are four key quantities that can be measured (these are also shown in the picture): M1 - The mass on one end of the fulcrum (the input force)a - The distance from the fulcrum to M1M2 - The mass on the other end of the fulcrum (the output force)b - The distance from the fulcrum to M2 This basic situation illuminates the relationships of these various quantities. It should be noted that this is an idealized lever, so were considering a situation where there is absolutely no friction between the beam and the fulcrum, and that there are no other forces that would throw the balance out of equilibrium, like a breeze. This set up is most familiar from the basic scales, used throughout history for weighing objects. If the distances from the fulcrum are the same (expressed mathematically as a b) then the lever is going to balance out if the weights are the same (M1 M2). If you use known weights on one end of the scale, you can easily tell the weight on the other end of the scale when the lever balances out. The situation gets much more interesting, of course, when a does not equal b. In that situation, what Archimedes discovered was that there is a precise mathematical relationship — in fact, an equivalence — between the product of the mass and the distance on both sides of the lever: M 1 a M 2 b Using this formula, we see that if we double the distance on one side of the lever, it takes half as much mass to balance it out, such as: a 2 bM 1 a M 2 bM 1(2 b) M 2 b2 M 1 M 2M 1 0.5 M 2 This example has been based upon the idea of masses sitting on the lever, but the mass could be replaced by anything that exerts a physical force upon the lever, including a human arm pushing on it. This begins to give us a basic understanding of the potential power of a lever. If 0.5 M2 1,000 pounds, then it becomes clear that you could balance that out with a 500-pound weight on the other side just by doubling the distance of the lever on that side. If a 4b, then you can balance 1,000 pounds with only 250 pounds of force. This is where the term leverage gets its common definition, often applied well outside the realm of physics: using a relatively smaller amount of power (often in the form of money or influence) to gain a disproportionately greater advantage on the outcome. Types of Levers When using a lever to perform work, we focus not on masses, but on the idea of exerting an input force on the lever (called the effort) and getting an output force (called the load or the resistance). So, for example, when you use a crowbar to pry up a nail, you are exerting an effort force to generate an output resistance force, which is what pulls the nail out. The four components of a lever can be combined together in three basic ways, resulting in three classes of levers: Class 1 levers: Like the scales discussed above, this is a configuration where the fulcrum is in between the input and output forces.Class 2 levers: The resistance comes between the input force and the fulcrum, such as in a wheelbarrow or bottle opener.Class 3 levers: The fulcrum is on one end and the resistance is on the other end, with the effort in between the two, such as with a pair of tweezers. Each of these different configurations has different implications for the mechanical advantage provided by the lever. Understanding this involves breaking down the law of the lever that was first formally understood by Archimedes. Law of the Lever The basic mathematical principle of the lever is that the distance from the fulcrum can be used to determine how the input and output forces relate to each other. If we take the earlier equation for balancing masses on the lever and generalize it to an input force (Fi) and output force (Fo), we get an equation which basically says that the torque will be conserved when a lever is used: Fia Fob This formula allows us to generate a formula for the mechanical advantage of a lever, which is the ratio of the input force to the output force: Mechanical Advantage a/ b Fo/ Fi In the earlier example, where a 2b, the mechanical advantage was 2, which meant that a 500-pound effort could be used to balance a 1,000-pound resistance. The mechanical advantage depends upon the ratio of a to b. For class 1 levers, this could be configured in any way, but class 2 and class 3 levers put constraints on the values of a and b. For a class 2 lever, the resistance is between the effort and the fulcrum, meaning that a b. Therefore, the mechanical advantage of a class 2 lever is always greater than 1.For a class 3 lever, the effort is between the resistance and the fulcrum, meaning that a b. Therefore, the mechanical advantage of a class 3 lever is always less than 1. A Real Lever The equations represent an idealized model of how a lever works. There are two basic assumptions that go into the idealized situation, which can throw things off in the real world: The beam is perfectly straight and inflexibleThe fulcrum has no friction with the beam Even in the best real-world situations, these are only approximately true. A fulcrum can be designed with very low friction, but it will almost never have zero friction in a mechanical lever. As long as a beam has contact with the fulcrum, there will be some sort of friction involved. Perhaps even more problematic is the assumption that the beam is perfectly straight and inflexible. Recall the earlier case where we were using a 250-pound weight to balance a 1,000-pound weight. The fulcrum in this situation would have to support all of the weight without sagging or breaking. It depends upon the material used whether this assumption is reasonable. Understanding levers is a useful skill in a variety of areas, ranging from technical aspects of mechanical engineering to developing your own best bodybuilding regimen.

Study of Supply Chain Management of Hindustan Unilever...

A Project Report On â€Å"Study of supply Channel Management of Hindustan Unilever Limited.† [pic] Submitted By Partho mukherjee PGDM (operations) Sem 3rd under the guidance of mr. Vivek swami sinhgad institute of business administrationresearch S. NO. 40/4A+4B/1 NEARPMCOCTROI POST, KONDHWA –SASWAD ROAD, KONDHWA (BK) PUNE-411048 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Mr. /Ms PARTHO MUKHERJEE student of SINHGAD INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION RESEARCH; Pune has completed report of â€Å"STUDY OF SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT OF HINDUSTAN UNILEVER LIMITED† academic year†¦show more content†¦3. To understand the way how they make smooth their processes. 4. Which channel level is adopting by company? 5. What is the benefit to the customer from company`s channel management? SUMMARY I am doing my management thesis on Distribution Channel management of Hindustan Unilever Limited. For smooth running Channel management is very important to every firm. Now a day’s FMCG sector is booming sector. In India there are very few organized retailer like PG, ITC, and HUL etc. In it Hindustan Unilever Limited is one of the leading Organized Retailer. There are four types of P`s Product, Price, Place and Promotion. In this four P`s Place means Distribution . Distribution Channel management means, this is one of the P from 4 P`s. frequently there may be a chain of intermediaries; each passing the product down the chain to the next organization, before it finally reaches the consumer or end-user. There are alternate channels of distribution channel may be available. I. Direct sell. II. Agent III. Distributors IV. Retailers. V. Brokers. Distribution channels can thus have a number of levels. There are four types of distribution channels. I. Zero level. II. One level. III. Two level. IV. Three level. Research Methodology Research Methodology is a way to systematically solve the research problem. 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Battered Women Syndrome Essay Example For Students

Battered Women Syndrome Essay Battered Woman SyndromeIn Robert Agnews general strain theory, he talks about how strain and stress could cause an individual to commit crimes that they wouldnt have committed without those circumstances. In his theory, he refers to negative affective states, which are the anger, frustration, and adverse emotions that emerge in the wake of destructive social relationships. It is these negative affective states that are produced by strain. Agnew acknowledges that strain can be caused by negative situations, such as abuse or neglect, family conflict, or stressful life events. These situations can all be found to be extremely prevalent in households where domestic violence occurs. According to this theory, the negative stimuli presented causes, in this case, the woman to feel angry, frustrated, disappointed, depressed, and fearful. These negative feelings, in turn, are outwardly expressed through violence. In this paper, we will look at battered woman syndrome as a theory that has stemm ed from Robert Agnews general strain theory. In her 1979 book The Battered Woman; Dr. Lenore Walker first came up with what is now know as battered woman syndrome. Put simply battered woman syndrome, or BWS as it is sometimes called, is a group of psychological symptoms that are easily recognized in women who have been physically, sexually, or psychologically assaulted by their domestic partner. According to Dr. Walker, Battered woman syndrome presents evidence that the syndrome is part of a recognizable pattern of psychological symptoms called post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) reported to be produced by repeated exposure to trauma such as the physical, sexual, and/or serious psychological assault experienced by battered women (Gelles 133). Because battered woman syndrome is considered to be in the same category as PTSD, it does not have its own classification in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-third edition, also known as the DSM-III. Instead it is jus t classified along with post-traumatic stress disorder. The American Psychiatric Association gives five criteria for the diagnosis of PTSD using the DSM system, 1. presence of a stressor that could cause a traumatic response (battering)2.symptoms lasting for more than one month3.measurable cognitive and memory changes4.at least three measurable avoidance symptoms5.at least two measurable arousal symptoms (Gelles 138). These five criterions are what doctors in the psychiatric field use to diagnose a woman with battered woman syndrome. In some cases, a doctors diagnosis comes into play in the courtroom. In most cases a doctors testimony is used to give an idea about the womans state of mind when she committed the crime she is on trial for. An example would be when a battered woman commits a crime against her spouse, and claims that her husbands abuse was what caused her to commit the crime in the first place, and a doctors testimony is used to explain the psychological effects that the abuse has had on her state of mind. Abuse plays a major role when crimes are committed against a spouse. Duttons research has shown that, Among women who are convicted of homicide against an intimate partner, a large percentage killed following physical, sexual, and psychological abuse toward them by their partner (112). Judy Ann Laws Norman is an example of a woman who was driven to kill due to the abuse she suffered from her husband. Judy Ann Laws Norman was married to John Thomas J.T. Norman for 25 years. He was an alcoholic who forced his wife to prostitute herself. She claims that if she did not bring home a minimum of $25 a day, he would beat her. When he beat her, he would use any and all objects he could find. Judy suffered many different forms of physical abuse at the hands of her husband. He used to put cigarettes out on her skin and throw food and drinks at her. In some cases, he would refuse to let her eat for days at a time, and at least once he smashed a glass in her face. Aside from these physical assaults, J.T. would often subject Judy to psychological torture. He would call her names like dog and whore on a regular basis. Sometimes he would force her to sleep on a concrete floor and also crouch down on the floor and eat pet food out of a bowl. J.T. also gave Judy reason to fear for her life. The records state, Norman often stated to both the defendant and to others that he would kill the defendant. He also threatened to cut her heart out (Gagne 55).

The Role of Travel in The Book of Jonah and The Conference of the Birds free essay sample

A look at these two literary works and the underlying meaning of travel in each. This paper examines The Book of Jonah and The Conference of the Birds, literary works that highlight the beliefs of two prominent religions in the world: Christianity and Islam. The role that travel plays in each of these stories is discussed, as well as the effect these journeys have on the characters. Jonah is the 14th book of the Prophets Book (Bible). This book focuses on returning religious people, and an emphasis on the goodness and mercifulness of God. The story starts when Jonah was asked by God to travel to Nineveh to influence the people to change their sinful ways and actions. By doing so, they will be able to redeem themselves of the punishment that is in store for sinners. Jonah, instead of complying to Gods wishes, fled away to Jafas harbor, and boarded on a boat. We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Travel in The Book of Jonah and The Conference of the Birds or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Jonahs travel on the sea became dangerous; he thought that the storm was a punishment from God because of his disobedience. Although Jonah was saved from the disaster, another misfortune befell on him: a large fish swallowed him. He stayed inside the fishs body for 3 nights and 3 days. When he can no longer bear hiss suffering, Jonah finally asked for Gods mercy. Miraculously, after Jonahs repent, he was thrown out of the fishs body into the land.